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In typical ERK1/2 pathways, ligand-induced activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) at the plasma membrane activates and recruits the small GTPase RAS in its GTP-bound form, which then triggers dimerization and activation of MAP3K RAF to initiate a downstream phosphorylation cascade for sequential activation of MAP2K MEK and MAPK ERK (Lavoie and Therrien 2015)

Atluri N, Joksimovic SM, Oklopcic A, Milanovic D, Klawitter J, Eggan P, Krishnan K, Covey DF, Todorovic SM, Jevtovic-Todorovic V

Prediabetes: How pathophysiology drives potential intervention on a subclinical disease with feared clinical consequences

The anemia may be regenerative if dietary iron or iron absorption is sufficient to maintain some degree of erythropoiesis or if the source of blood loss is the upper gastrointestinal tract (where iron and blood may be more likely to be reabsorbed than in the lower intestinal tract)